viernes, 20 de diciembre de 2013
martes, 3 de diciembre de 2013
TO HAVE SOMETHING DONE
En español cuando te cortas el pelo dices: “Me he cortado el pelo” o “Me
corté el pelo”. Si te fijas parece como si tú mismo hubieses realizado
la acción de cortarte pelo, cuando lo cierto es que un peluquero te
corta el pelo, por tanto, se presupone que ha sido otra persona. Pero en
inglés no es así, indicamos que la acción la ha realizado otra persona
para nosotros:
¿Cómo? Utilizando la fórmula siguiente:
Verbo “have/had” + objeto + participio pasado |
Por ejemplo.
I had my hair cut. Me corté el pelo.
Nota: También puedo decir: I got a haircut. Con el verbo comodín “got” consigo expresar que “alguien me cortó el pelo” (Obtuve un corte de pelo, jejeje).
Utilizando el verbo “have/had” hacemos énfasis en que otra persona hizo el trabajo para nosotros.
La fórmula es muy sencilla, pero hay que saberse bien los participios pasados de los verbos.
Veamos más ejemplos:
have/had | object | past participle | traducción |
I had | my nails | polished. | Me hice (pintaron) las uñas. |
I need to have | my car | painted | Necesito pintar mi coche. |
They are having | the school | repaired. | Están arreglando el colegio. |
She had | her carpet | cleaned. | Ella mandó a limpiar la alfombra. |
Where did you have | that photograph | taken? | ¿Dónde te tomaron esa foto? |
They had | an extra room | built. | Les hicieron una habitación adicional. |
Recuerda: También existe una forma informal para expresar la idea de que “alguien hace algo para tí”. Se trata de una fórmula con el verbo “get”. Por ejemplo: “I got my car repaired” es igual a decir: “I had my car repaired”. Me arreglaron el coche. Todo lo que tengo que hacer es sustituir “have/had” por “get/got” (u otros tiempos verbales). |
Ahora vamos a practicar:
jueves, 28 de noviembre de 2013
miércoles, 27 de noviembre de 2013
THE PASSIVE
Use of Passive BY www.ego4u.com
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:- the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
- the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
- the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Examples of Passive
Tense | Subject | Verb | Object | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Simple Present | Active: | Rita | writes | a letter. |
Passive: | A letter | is written | by Rita. | |
Simple Past | Active: | Rita | wrote | a letter. |
Passive: | A letter | was written | by Rita. | |
Present Perfect | Active: | Rita | has written | a letter. |
Passive: | A letter | has been written | by Rita. | |
Future I | Active: | Rita | will write | a letter. |
Passive: | A letter | will be written | by Rita. | |
V. Modales | Active: | Rita | can write | a letter. |
Passive: | A letter | can be written | by Rita. |
Examples of Passive
Tense | Subject | Verb | Object | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Present Progressive | Active: | Rita | is writing | a letter. |
Passive: | A letter | is being written | by Rita. | |
Past Progressive | Active: | Rita | was writing | a letter. |
Passive: | A letter | was being written | by Rita. | |
Past Perfect | Active: | Rita | had written | a letter. |
Passive: | A letter | had been written | by Rita. | |
Future II | Active: | Rita | will have written | a letter. |
Passive: | A letter | will have been written | by Rita. | |
Conditional I | Active: | Rita | would write | a letter. |
Passive: | A letter | would be written | by Rita. | |
Conditional II | Active: | Rita | would have written | a letter. |
Passive: | A letter | would have been written | by Rita. |
Passive Sentences with Two Objects
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.Subject | Verb | Object 1 | Object 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Active: | Rita | wrote | a letter | to me. |
Passive: | A letter | was written | to me | by Rita. |
Passive: | I | was written | a letter | by Rita. |
. As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.
Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.
Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Example: he says – it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning
of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The
rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to'
(certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
EXERCISE ONE
EXERCISE TWO
EXERCISE THREE
EXERCISE FOUR
lunes, 25 de noviembre de 2013
CONCURSO DE COCINA Y TARJETAS NAVIDEÑAS 2013.
CONCURSO DE COCINA NAVIDEÑA 2013.
Concursantes:
Podrán participar todos l@s alumn@s matriculad@s en esta escuela oficial de idiomas para el presente curso 2013/2014. Cada concursante sólo podrá participar con un plato, incluso aquellos alumnos que tengan multimatrícula (matriculados en inglés y alemán).
Modalidades:
Habrá tres modalidades:
- plato salado
- plato dulce
- modalidad de decoración
Se valorará el sabor (modalidades salado y dulce) y la presentación del plato (modalidad de decoración), así como que se trate de platos típicos de estas fechas, ya sean españoles, ingleses, alemanes…
Entrega del plato:
Los platos deberán entregarse el día 19 de diciembre en el aula 20 A PARTIR DE LAS 18:00 HORAS
Premios:
Se entregarán tres premios: al mejor plato salado, al mejor plato dulce y a la mejor presentación. Los premios consistirán en vales valorados en 30 € cada uno a canjear en la librería Siddhartha. Los platos no se podrán retirar pues serán degustados por el alumnado y miembros del jurado.
Comisión evaluadora:
La comisión evaluadora estará integrada por los miembros del claustro de profesores de la escuela y del consejo escolar.
Aceptación de bases:
Los concursantes, por el hecho de participar en el concurso, aceptan todas las cláusulas de estas bases.
CONCURSO DE TARJETAS DE NAVIDAD.
Concursantes:
Podrán participar todos l@s alumn@s matriculad@s en esta escuela oficial de idiomas para el presente curso 2011/2012. Cada concursante sólo podrá participar con una tarjeta, incluso aquellos alumnos que tengan multimatrícula (matriculados en inglés y alemán).
Temas:
El tema será el de la Navidad en cualquiera de sus aspectos. Podrá introducirse texto bien en inglés, bien en alemán. Se valorará la calidad y creatividad.
Dimensiones:
El formato de la tarjeta ha de ser de Din A5 (15 x 21 cm).
Plazo de entrega:
El plazo de admisión de los trabajos será desde la publicación de estas bases hasta el día 14 de diciembre a las 21 horas.
Entrega del trabajo:
Los trabajos deberán entregarse en la secretaría del centro.
Premios:
Se entregarán tres premios: 1er premio, 2º premio y 3er premio consistentes en vales valorados en 40 €, 30 € y 20 €, respectivamente, a canjear en la librería Idiomátika. Tanto las obras premiadas como las no premiadas permanecerán en la escuela.
Comisión evaluadora:
La comisión evaluadora estará integrada por los miembros del claustro de profesores de la escuela y por compañeros del seminario de artes plásticas del I.E.S. Agustín de Bethencourt.
Aceptación de bases:
Los concursantes, por el hecho de participar en el concurso, aceptan todas las cláusulas de estas bases.
Introducir esta ficha en un sobre cerrado. Graparle un sobre con la tarjeta correspondiente. Poner en el sobre de la tarjeta únicamente el número de la tarjeta e idioma (Ej. Nº1 Inglés/ Nº1 alemán).
sábado, 16 de noviembre de 2013
miércoles, 6 de noviembre de 2013
NARRATIVE TENSES
NARRATIVE TENSES
Copyright EOI de Mieres, Asturias
1. The Past Simple
The Past Simple is used to narrate past events in chronological order:
The Past Simple is used to narrate past events in chronological order:
Alice left her family home in the morning and moved to the big city. What a busy day it was! She sat and looked at the cosy living room around her. At last the house was hers. She gazed out at the London skyline with awe.
2. The Past Perfect
The Past Perfect is used to express an action that happened before a definite time in the past.
A writer can use it to re-order the events of a narrative for dramatic effect:
Alice sat and looked at the cosy living room around her. At last the house was hers. What a
busy day it had been! She had left her family home in the morning and had moved to the big
city. She gazed at the London skyline with awe.
Notice that had need not be repeated if the subject of both verbs is the same:
She had said goodbye to her mother and (had) caught the train to London.
It is not always essential to use the Past Perfect. If it is clear that the events described in the time clause took place before the one in the main clause, the Past Simple can be used.
After she said goodbye to her mother, she caught the train to London.
If it is important to show that the first action was completed before the second one began, the Past Perfect must be used.
When she had raised sufficient capital, she put in an offer on the house.
For reasons of style, it is unwise (and unnecessary) to have to many verbs in the Past Perfect one after another. Once the time aspect of 'past in the past' has been established, the Past Simple can be used as long as there is no ambiguity.
The furniture suited the room perfectly. She had been to auction rooms looking for just the right period pieces, and had found some excellent examples of Regency workmanship. She bought them at good prices, and didn't pay more than five hundred pounds for anything.
3. The Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous.
The Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous (as with all continuous tenses) express
ideas of activity in progress or repeated activity.
The Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous (as with all continuous tenses) express
ideas of activity in progress or repeated activity.
She was wearing a green velvet dress.
She was hoping the phone would ring.
She had been arranging and rearranging the rooms for weeks.
She had been arranging and rearranging the rooms for weeks.
4. Past Simple, used to, and would for past habits
Used to can be used to express past habits and states:
We used to go out a lot. (habit)
He used to be very short tempered. (state)
Would can express typical behaviour. Whereas used to is quite factual, would looks at past
habits rather nostalgically.
We had some lovely holidays by the sea when I was young. We'd spend the day collecting seashells, or we'd go for long walks on the cliffs.
Would can not be used to express past states.(We cannot say *He'd live in a lovely cottage .)
If the past action happened only once (and is therefore not a habit), the Simple Past must be used.
5. 'At the beginning', 'In the end' etc.
The words and expressions that tell us when something happens in a story are not all used in quite the same way.
At the beginning (of the story) tells us the chronological point.
In the beginning and at first suggest a contrast later. We expect to hear but later the
circumstances changed.
At the end of (the story) tells us the chronological point.
In the end suggests a contrast earlier. Before, there were problems and uncertainty.
Finally and eventually suggest a long wait. (Finally usually comes before the verb.) The
outcome may be positive or negative.
At last suggests a very long wait. The outcome is positive.
lunes, 4 de noviembre de 2013
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
Copyright British Council
Sometimes we use more than one adjective in front of a noun:
He was a nice intelligent young man.
She had a small round black wooden box.
She had a small round black wooden box.
Opinion adjectives:
Some adjectives give a general opinion. We can use these adjectives to describe almost any noun:good | bad | lovely | strange |
beautiful | nice | brilliant | excellent |
awful | important | wonderful | nasty |
Some adjectives give a specific opinion. We only use these adjectives to describe particular kinds of noun:
Food: tasty; delicious
Furniture, buildings: comfortable; uncomfortable
People, animals: clever; intelligent; friendly
We usually put a general opinion in front of a specific opinion:Furniture, buildings: comfortable; uncomfortable
People, animals: clever; intelligent; friendly
Nice tasty soup.
A nasty uncomfortable armchair
A lovely intelligent animal
Usually we put an adjective that gives an opinion in front of an adjective that is descriptive:A nasty uncomfortable armchair
A lovely intelligent animal
a nice red dress; a silly old man; those horrible yellow curtains
We often have two adjectives in front of a noun:
a handsome young man; a big black car; that horrible big dog
Sometimes we have three adjectives, but this is unusual:
a nice handsome young man;
a big black American car;
that horrible big fierce dog
It is very unusual to have more than three adjectives.a big black American car;
that horrible big fierce dog
Adjectives usually come in this order:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
General opinion |
Specific opinion |
Size | Shape | Age | Colour | Nationality | Material |
We use some adjectives only after a link verb:
afraid | alive | alone | asleep |
content | glad | ill | ready |
sorry | sure | unable | well |
ome of the commonest -ed adjectives are normally used only after a link verb:
annoyed; finished; bored; pleased; thrilled
We say:
Our teacher was ill.
My uncle was very glad when he heard the news.
The policeman seemed to be very annoyed
but we do not say:My uncle was very glad when he heard the news.
The policeman seemed to be very annoyed
We had an ill teacher.
When he heard the news he wasa very glad uncle
He seemed to be avery annoyed policeman
A few adjectives are used only in front of a noun:When he heard the news he was
He seemed to be a
north south east west |
northern southern eastern western |
countless occasional lone |
eventful indoor outdoor |
He lives in the eastern district.
There were countless problems with the new machinery.
but we do not say:There were countless problems with the new machinery.
EXERCISE 1
EXERCISE 2
EXERCISE 3
miércoles, 30 de octubre de 2013
HAPPY HALLOWEEN!!
Ancient Origins of Halloween
Halloween's origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in).
The
Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the
United Kingdom, and northern France, celebrated their new year on
November 1. This day marked the end of summer and the harvest and the
beginning of the dark, cold winter, a time of year that was often
associated with human death. Celts believed that on the night before the
new year, the boundary between the worlds of the living and the dead
became blurred. On the night of October 31, they celebrated Samhain,
when it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth. In
addition to causing trouble and damaging crops, Celts thought that the
presence of the otherworldly spirits made it easier for the Druids, or
Celtic priests, to make predictions about the future. For a people
entirely dependent on the volatile natural world, these prophecies were
an important source of comfort and direction during the long, dark
winter.
To
commemorate the event, Druids built huge sacred bonfires, where the
people gathered to burn crops and animals as sacrifices to the Celtic
deities.
During
the celebration, the Celts wore costumes, typically consisting of
animal heads and skins, and attempted to tell each other's fortunes.
When the celebration was over, they re-lit their hearth fires, which
they had extinguished earlier that evening, from the sacred bonfire to
help protect them during the coming winter.
By
A.D. 43, Romans had conquered the majority of Celtic territory. In the
course of the four hundred years that they ruled the Celtic lands, two
festivals of Roman origin were combined with the traditional Celtic
celebration of Samhain.
The
first was Feralia, a day in late October when the Romans traditionally
commemorated the passing of the dead. The second was a day to honor
Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. The symbol of Pomona is
the apple and the incorporation of this celebration into Samhain
probably explains the tradition of "bobbing" for apples that is
practiced today on Halloween.
By
the 800s, the influence of Christianity had spread into Celtic lands.
In the seventh century, Pope Boniface IV designated November 1 All
Saints' Day, a time to honor saints and martyrs. It is widely believed
today that the pope was attempting to replace the Celtic festival of
the dead with a related, but church-sanctioned holiday. The celebration
was also called All-hallows or All-hallowmas (from Middle English
Alholowmesse meaning All Saints' Day) and the night before it, the
night of Samhain, began to be called All-hallows Eve and, eventually,
Halloween. Even later, in A.D. 1000, the church would make November 2
All Souls' Day, a day to honor the dead. It was celebrated similarly to
Samhain, with big bonfires, parades, and dressing up in costumes as
saints, angels, and devils. Together, the three celebrations, the eve
of All Saints', All Saints', and All Souls', were called Hallowmas.
miércoles, 23 de octubre de 2013
Aprobar la expresión escrita de los exámenes de la EOI,
o de Cambridge, en 5 pasos.
Quería esperar a tener más posts en el blog sobre temas específicos para mejorar la expresión escrita (puntuación, orden de las palabras), pero hace unos días encontré esta fantástica página donde vienen prácticamente todos los aspectos a tener en cuenta en la expresión escrita. Aunque no quita para que yo escriba en el futuro sobre los mismos temas en este blog -con otro enfoque y en español- he decidido daros ya los consejos para aprobar los "writings" de los exámenes de la EOI o de Cambridge. Así que aquí van.
Razones por las cuales es difícil escribir en inglés correctamente
Hay dos razones por las cuales puede resultar difícil aprobar el "writing" de estos exámenes.
La primera, y principal razón, es que tus pensamientos están escritos en tu cabeza en español y, por tanto, cada vez que intentas escribir una frase en inglés lo que haces es pensarla en español e intentar traducirla. Como consecuencia de ello, lo que escribes en inglés es casi siempre incorrecto.
Por ello, considero que es inútil empezar a escribir antes de tener cierto dominio de las estructuras en inglés. En este contexto, es importante que aprendas primero las estructuras correctas y luego intentes escribir, y no al contrario.
Para que compruebes hasta qué punto tus pensamientos están escritos en tu idioma materno, haremos una sencilla prueba.
Escribe, por favor, un párrafo sobre el trabajo, o los estudios, que estás realizando actualmente. ¡Venga! Ponte a pensar cómo escribirías ese párrafo corto. ¿Lo tienes ya?
Te pongo, a continuación, un ejemplo de párrafo que he encontrado escrito por un estudiante de inglés.
¿Se parece este párrafo al tuyo?
(1)Actually
I'm working in a (2) juridical advising company and (3) my functions in this company is
(4) concerning to taxes and financial investment on markets, (5 y 6) advising to the
companies which is the best investment for them.
Actualmente estoy trabajando en una
empresa de asesoramiento jurídico y mis funciones en esta empresa están
relacionadas con los impuestos e inversiones financieras en los mercados,
asesorando a las empresas sobre cuál es la mejor inversión para ellas.
Veremos ahora cuántos errores contiene este texto.
Lista de errores
1. Actually: Es incorrecto. Es una traducción literal de "actualmente". Actually, en inglés, no significa "actualmente", significa "realmente". Podrías decir, por ejemplo: "No, actually, I'm not working there". "No, realmente, no estoy trabajando allí". Para decir "actualmente" deberás decir: "currently", "at the moment", "in the present". Nunca
2. Juridical advising company: No es inglés. El nombre de este tipo de empresas es "Law Firm", pero quien ha escrito el párrafo piensa directamente en "Empresa de asesoramiento jurídico" y así lo escribe, quizás con la ayuda de un traductor automático. Mira, en estos ejemplos, como aparece "legal advice" o "legal counsel", pero jamás "
3. My functions: Nuevamente una traducción literal de "mis funciones". No suena muy inglés, aunque lo he visto en varios párrafos en internet, creo que es más frecuente decir: "My responsibilities" o "My job involves". Además, "my functions" es plural, por tanto, no se puede decir: "is". Tengo que decir: are... En este caso, el autor del párrafo ha perdido la concordancia sujeto-verbo.
4. Concerning to: Traducción literal de "concerniente a". Se dice: "concerning taxes" (sin "to"). Mira aquí cómo se usa "concerning". Verás que no hay ningún ejemplo en que "to" vaya detrás de "concerning".
5. Advising to the companies: Traducción literal de "aconsejando a las empresas". No se dice "advising
6. El texto tiene, finalmente, errores de estructura, tales como los que hay en esta frase:
"...financial investment on markets, advising
Este último error, conecta directamente con la segunda razón por la cual es difícil escribir en inglés correctamente. Para escribir bien necesitas conocer la técnica correcta. NO se trata de escribir solamente, se trata de escribir de una determinada manera que debes de aprender.
Veamos cómo escribir el mismo texto en inglés sin recurrir a "la traducción de pensamientos".
I’m
currently working in a law firm as a tax advisor. My responsibilities are to provide
legal advice on taxes and financial investments for companies.
¿Ves las diferencias?
El texto es más corto y da más información más precisa sobre lo que hace el autor del texto.
¿Cómo se logra esto? Aprendiendo una técnica y practicando mucho.
La técnica correcta en 5 pasos
¿Recuerdas que para probar el exámenes orales de la EOI necesitabas un sistema?
También para aprobar la expresión escrita necesitas un sistema. Si no tienes técnica, o tu técnica no es la correcta, no aprobarás.
Esta es la técnica correcta en 5 pasos:
1) Debes conocer el estilo de texto que tienes que escribir.
Aquí tienes ejemplos de diferentes estilos de textos para el FCE (que también te valen para la EOI). Estudia bien y analiza cada uno de estos estilos. Recuerda que los estilos son tu mapa y sin mapa no puedes llegar a ningún sitio.
2) Antes de empezar a redactar tu texto, escribe tus ideas.
Para que se te ocurran ideas debes intentar preguntarte y responderte preguntas como: ¿Dónde? ¿Cuándo? ¿Por qué? ¿Cómo? ¿A quién/es? ¿De quién? ¿Qué ocurrió? ¿Qué hacer?
Por ejemplo: Tienes que escribir una carta a editor de un periódico local en relación con los contenedores de reciclaje que han colocado en tu zona para fomentar el reciclaje. Aquí tienes el examen . Fuente: EOI de Durango (País Vasco)
La carta tiene ya escrito el principio y el final. Tú tienes que pensar en todos los problemas que la colocación de estos contenedores ha supuesto.
La carta comienza con:
Sir,
I was extremely pleased when our local council eventually placed special bins in the area to encourage recycling. There are, however, several problems.
For one thing________________________ (a completar)
Y acaba con:
I do think that these suggestions might help solve the situation. The rest depends both on the council and our neighbours' willingnesss to act in a more civilised manner. (Name, Surname and ID Number)
************
Ideas:
- Los contenedores son de material inflamable. Responde a ¿cómo o de qué?
- Unos gamberros quemaron los contenedores. Responde a ¿qué ocurrió?
- Podrían reemplazarse por otro tipo de contenedores no inflamables. Responde a ¿cómo?
- Los contenedores están situados junto a una zona donde hay muchas ramas secas. Responde a ¿dónde?
- Podrían situarse a 100 metros junto a una zona sin vegetación. Responde a ¿cómo y dónde?
3) Empieza a escribir un borrador con frases cortas.
Escribe solo una frase para cada idea. No más. Esto es muy importante así que lo repetiré. Escribe sólo una frase por idea. Luego, las podrás unir con mucho cuidado valiéndote de conectores.
Por ejemplo:
- For one thing, the recycling bins are made of plastic. --> Material inflamable
- Unfortunately, they were burnt by a group of yobs last night.--> ¿Qué ocurrió?
- They could be replaced by metal bins which are non-flammable--> ¿Qué hacer?
5) Fíjate en el "word order" u "orden de las palabras". Esto, también, es muy importante porque el orden de las palabras no es tan importante en español como en inglés. Esta página te ayudará a organizarte. Más ayuda.Y más ayuda. No te olvides de los conectores para enlazar tus ideas. Tampoco te olvides de las comas. Y de otros detalles de la puntuación. Por último, una vez que hayas acabado el texto, no te olvides de revisarlo.
Además, puedes utilizar la demo gratuita de paragraph punch para prácticar. Y Linguee junto a Bab-la.
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